MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 13.1.9 ALTER TABLE Statement

13.1.9 ALTER TABLE Statement

ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    [alter_option [, alter_option] ...]
    [partition_options]

alter_option:  ADD  SPATIAL [INDEX

partition_options:
    partition_option [partition_option] ...

partition_option:  REBUILD PARTITION  ALL


key_part:  (expr) [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING  HASH

index_option:   INVISIBLE


table_options:
    table_option [[,] table_option] ...

table_option:  ROW_FORMAT [=]  DYNAMIC


partition_options:
    (see CREATE TABLE options)

ALTER TABLE changes the structure
of a table. For example, you can add or delete columns, create or
destroy indexes, change the type of existing columns, or rename
columns or the table itself. You can also change characteristics
such as the storage engine used for the table or the table
comment.

There are several additional aspects to the ALTER TABLE statement, described under the following topics in
this section:

Table Options

table_options signifies table options
of the kind that can be used in the CREATE TABLE statement, such as ENGINE,
AUTO_INCREMENT,
AVG_ROW_LENGTH, MAX_ROWS,
ROW_FORMAT, or TABLESPACE.

For descriptions of all table options, see
Section 13.1.20, “CREATE TABLE Statement”. However,
ALTER TABLE ignores DATA DIRECTORY and INDEX DIRECTORY when
given as table options. ALTER TABLE
permits them only as partitioning options, and requires that you
have the FILE privilege.

Use of table options with ALTER TABLE provides a convenient way of altering single table
characteristics. For example:

To verify that the table options were changed as intended, use
SHOW CREATE TABLE, or query the
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES table.

Performance and Space Requirements

ALTER TABLE operations are
processed using one of the following algorithms:

COPY: Operations are performed on a sao chép of
the original table, and table data is copied from the original
table to the new table row by row. Concurrent DML is not
permitted.
INPLACE: Operations avoid copying table
data but may rebuild the table in place. An exclusive metadata
lock on the table may be taken briefly during preparation and
execution phases of the operation. Typically, concurrent DML
is supported.
INSTANT: Operations only modify metadata in
the data dictionary. No exclusive metadata locks are taken on
the table during preparation and execution, and table data is
unaffected, making operations instantaneous. Concurrent DML is
permitted. (Introduced in MySQL 8.0.12)

The ALGORITHM clause is optional. If the
ALGORITHM clause is omitted, MySQL uses
ALGORITHM=INSTANT for storage engines and
ALTER TABLE clauses that support
it. Otherwise, ALGORITHM=INPLACE is used. If
ALGORITHM=INPLACE is not supported,
ALGORITHM=COPY is used.

Note

After adding a column to a partitioned table using
ALGORITHM=INSTANT, it is no longer possible
to perform
ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION on the table.

Specifying an ALGORITHM clause requires the
operation to use the specified algorithm for clauses and storage
engines that support it, or fail with an error otherwise.
Specifying ALGORITHM=DEFAULT is the same as
omitting the ALGORITHM clause.

ALTER TABLE operations that use the
COPY algorithm wait for other operations that
are modifying the table to complete. After alterations are applied
to the table sao chép, data is copied over, the original table is
deleted, and the table sao chép is renamed to the name of the original
table. While the ALTER TABLE
operation executes, the original table is readable by other
sessions (with the exception noted shortly). Updates and writes to
the table started after the ALTER TABLE operation begins are stalled until the new table
is ready, then are automatically redirected to the new table. The
temporary sao chép of the table is created in the database directory
of the original table unless it is a RENAME TO
operation that moves the table to a database that resides in a
different directory.

The exception referred to earlier is that
ALTER TABLE blocks reads (not just
writes) at the point where it is ready to clear outdated table
structures from the table and table definition caches. At this
point, it must acquire an exclusive lock. To do so, it waits for
current readers to finish, and blocks new reads and writes.

An ALTER TABLE operation that uses
the COPY algorithm prevents concurrent DML
operations. Concurrent queries are still allowed. That is, a
table-copying operation always includes at least the concurrency
restrictions of LOCK=SHARED (allow queries but
not DML). You can further restrict concurrency for operations that
support the LOCK clause by specifying
LOCK=EXCLUSIVE, which prevents DML and queries.
For more information, see
Concurrency Control.

To force use of the COPY algorithm for an
ALTER TABLE operation that would
otherwise not use it, specify ALGORITHM=COPY or
enable the old_alter_table system
variable. If there is a conflict between the
old_alter_table setting and an
ALGORITHM clause with a value other than
DEFAULT, the ALGORITHM
clause takes precedence.

For InnoDB tables, an
ALTER TABLE operation that uses the
COPY algorithm on a table that resides in a
shared tablespace
can increase the amount of space used by the tablespace. Such
operations require as much additional space as the data in the
table plus indexes. For a table residing in a shared tablespace,
the additional space used during the operation is not released
back to the operating system as it is for a table that resides in
a file-per-table
tablespace.

For information about space requirements for online DDL
operations, see
Section 15.12.3, “Online DDL Space Requirements”.

ALTER TABLE operations that support
the INPLACE algorithm include:

ALTER TABLE operations that support the
INSTANT algorithm include:

Adding a column. This feature is referred to as “Instant
ADD COLUMN”. Limitations apply. See
Section 15.12.1, “Online DDL Operations”.
Adding or dropping a virtual column.
Adding or dropping a column default value.
Modifying the definition of an
ENUM or
SET column. The same
restrictions apply as described above for
ALGORITHM=INSTANT.
Changing the index type.
Renaming a table. The same restrictions apply as described
above for ALGORITHM=INSTANT.

For more information about operations that support
ALGORITHM=INSTANT, see
Section 15.12.1, “Online DDL Operations”.

ALTER TABLE upgrades MySQL 5.5
temporal columns to 5.6 format for ADD COLUMN,
CHANGE COLUMN, MODIFY COLUMN, ADD INDEX, and
FORCE operations. This conversion cannot be
done using the INPLACE algorithm because the
table must be rebuilt, so specifying
ALGORITHM=INPLACE in these cases results in an
error. Specify ALGORITHM=COPY if necessary.

If an ALTER TABLE operation on a multicolumn
index used to partition a table by KEY changes
the order of the columns, it can only be performed using
ALGORITHM=COPY.

The WITHOUT VALIDATION and WITH VALIDATION clauses affect whether
ALTER TABLE performs an in-place
operation for
virtual generated
column modifications. See
Section 13.1.9.2, “ALTER TABLE and Generated Columns”.

NDB Cluster 8.0 supports online operations using the same
ALGORITHM=INPLACE syntax used with the standard
MySQL Server. NDB does not support changing a
tablespace online; beginning with NDB 8.0.21, it is disallowed.
See Section 23.6.11, “Online Operations with ALTER TABLE in NDB Cluster”, for more
information.

NDB 8.0.27 and later, when performing a copying ALTER TABLE, checks to insure that no concurrent writes have
been made to the effected table. If it finds that any have been
made, NDB rejects the ALTER TABLE with
ER_TABLE_DEF_CHANGED.

ALTER TABLE with DISCARD ... PARTITION ... TABLESPACE or IMPORT ... PARTITION ... TABLESPACE does not create any temporary tables or
temporary partition files.

ALTER TABLE with ADD PARTITION, DROP PARTITION,
COALESCE PARTITION, REBUILD PARTITION, or REORGANIZE PARTITION
does not create temporary tables (except when used with
NDB tables); however, these
operations can and do create temporary partition files.

ADD or DROP operations for
RANGE or LIST partitions are
immediate operations or nearly so. ADD or
COALESCE operations for HASH
or KEY partitions sao chép data between all
partitions, unless LINEAR HASH or
LINEAR KEY was used; this is effectively the
same as creating a new table, although the ADD
or COALESCE operation is performed partition by
partition. REORGANIZE operations sao chép only
changed partitions and do not touch unchanged ones.

For MyISAM tables, you can speed up index
re-creation (the slowest part of the alteration process) by
setting the
myisam_sort_buffer_size system
variable to a high value.

Concurrency Control

For ALTER TABLE operations that
support it, you can use the LOCK clause to
control the level of concurrent reads and writes on a table while
it is being altered. Specifying a non-default value for this
clause enables you to require a certain amount of concurrent
access or exclusivity during the alter operation, and halts the
operation if the requested degree of locking is not available.

Only LOCK = DEFAULT is permitted for operations
that use ALGORITHM=INSTANT. The other
LOCK clause parameters are not applicable.

The parameters for the LOCK clause are:

```
LOCK = DEFAULT
```
Maximum level of concurrency for the given
ALGORITHM clause (if any) and
ALTER TABLE operation: Permit concurrent
reads and writes if supported. If not, permit concurrent reads
if supported. If not, enforce exclusive access.
```
LOCK = NONE
```
If supported, permit concurrent reads and writes. Otherwise,
an error occurs.
```
LOCK = SHARED
```
If supported, permit concurrent reads but block writes. Writes
are blocked even if concurrent writes are supported by the
storage engine for the given ALGORITHM
clause (if any) and ALTER TABLE operation.
If concurrent reads are not supported, an error occurs.
```
LOCK = EXCLUSIVE
```
Enforce exclusive access. This is done even if concurrent
reads/writes are supported by the storage engine for the given
ALGORITHM clause (if any) and
ALTER TABLE operation.

Adding and Dropping Columns

Use ADD to add new columns to a table, and
DROP to remove existing columns. DROP col_name is a MySQL extension
to standard SQL.

To add a column at a specific position within a table row, use
FIRST or AFTER col_name. The default is to
add the column last.

If a table contains only one column, the column cannot be dropped.
If what you intend is to remove the table, use the
DROP TABLE statement instead.

If columns are dropped from a table, the columns are also removed
from any index of which they are a part. If all columns that make
up an index are dropped, the index is dropped as well. If you use
CHANGE or MODIFY to shorten
a column for which an index exists on the column, and the
resulting column length is less than the index length, MySQL
shortens the index automatically.

For ALTER TABLE ... ADD, if the column has an
expression default value that uses a nondeterministic function,
the statement may produce a warning or error. For further
information, see Section 11.6, “Data Type Default Values”, and
Section 17.1.3.7, “Restrictions on Replication with GTIDs”.

Renaming, Redefining, and Reordering Columns

The CHANGE, MODIFY,
RENAME COLUMN, and ALTER
clauses enable the names and definitions of existing columns to be
altered. They have these comparative characteristics:

CHANGE:
- Can rename a column and change its definition, or both.
- Has more capability than MODIFY or
  RENAME COLUMN, but at the expense of
  convenience for some operations. CHANGE
  requires naming the column twice if not renaming it, and
  requires respecifying the column definition if only
  renaming it.
- With FIRST or AFTER,
  can reorder columns.
MODIFY:
- Can change a column definition but not its name.
- More convenient than CHANGE to change a
  column definition without renaming it.
- With FIRST or AFTER,
  can reorder columns.
RENAME COLUMN:
- Can change a column name but not its definition.
- More convenient than CHANGE to rename a
  column without changing its definition.
ALTER: Used only to change a column default
value.

CHANGE is a MySQL extension to standard SQL.
MODIFY and RENAME COLUMN are
MySQL extensions for Oracle compatibility.

To alter a column to change both its name and definition, use
CHANGE, specifying the old and new names and
the new definition. For example, to rename an INT NOT NULL column from a to
b and change its definition to use the
BIGINT data type while retaining the
NOT NULL attribute, do this:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE a b BIGINT NOT NULL;

To change a column definition but not its name, use
CHANGE or MODIFY. With
CHANGE, the syntax requires two column names,
so you must specify the same name twice to leave the name
unchanged. For example, to change the definition of column
b, do this:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b b INT NOT NULL;

MODIFY is more convenient to change the
definition without changing the name because it requires the
column name only once:

ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY b INT NOT NULL;

To change a column name but not its definition, use
CHANGE or RENAME COLUMN.
With CHANGE, the syntax requires a column
definition, so to leave the definition unchanged, you must
respecify the definition the column currently has. For example, to
rename an INT NOT NULL column from
b to a, do this:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE b a INT NOT NULL;

RENAME COLUMN is more convenient to change the
name without changing the definition because it requires only the
old and new names:

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME COLUMN b TO a;

In general, you cannot rename a column to a name that already
exists in the table. However, this is sometimes not the case, such
as when you swap names or move them through a cycle. If a table
has columns named a, b, and
c, these are valid operations:

-- swap a and b
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME COLUMN a TO b,
               RENAME COLUMN b TO a;
-- "rotate" a, b, c through a cycle
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME COLUMN a TO b,
               RENAME COLUMN b TO c,
               RENAME COLUMN c TO a;

For column definition changes using CHANGE or
MODIFY, the definition must include the data
type and all attributes that should apply to the new column, other
than index attributes such as PRIMARY KEY or
UNIQUE. Attributes present in the original
definition but not specified for the new definition are not
carried forward. Suppose that a column col1 is
defined as INT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'my column' and you modify the column as follows, intending
to change only INT to
BIGINT:

ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY col1 BIGINT;

That statement changes the data type from INT
to BIGINT, but it also drops the
UNSIGNED, DEFAULT, and
COMMENT attributes. To retain them, the
statement must include them explicitly:

ALTER TABLE t1 MODIFY col1 BIGINT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 1 COMMENT 'my column';

For data type changes using CHANGE or
MODIFY, MySQL tries to convert existing column
values to the new type as well as possible.

Warning

This conversion may result in alteration of data. For example,
if you shorten a string column, values may be truncated. To
prevent the operation from succeeding if conversions to the new
data type would result in loss of data, enable strict SQL mode
before using ALTER TABLE (see
Section 5.1.11, “Server SQL Modes”).

If you use CHANGE or MODIFY
to shorten a column for which an index exists on the column, and
the resulting column length is less than the index length, MySQL
shortens the index automatically.

For columns renamed by CHANGE or
RENAME COLUMN, MySQL automatically renames
these references to the renamed column:

Indexes that refer to the old column, including invisible
indexes and disabled MyISAM indexes.
Foreign keys that refer to the old column.

For columns renamed by CHANGE or
RENAME COLUMN, MySQL does not automatically
rename these references to the renamed column:

Generated column and partition expressions that refer to the
renamed column. You must use CHANGE to
redefine such expressions in the same
ALTER TABLE statement as the
one that renames the column.
Views and stored programs that refer to the renamed column.
You must manually alter the definition of these objects to
refer to the new column name.

Primary Keys and Indexes

DROP PRIMARY KEY drops the
primary key. If there is
no primary key, an error occurs. For information about the
performance characteristics of primary keys, especially for
InnoDB tables, see
Section 8.3.2, “Primary Key Optimization”.

If the sql_require_primary_key
system variable is enabled, attempting to drop a primary key
produces an error.

If you add a UNIQUE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY to a table, MySQL stores it before any nonunique
index to permit detection of duplicate keys as early as possible.

DROP INDEX removes an index. This
is a MySQL extension to standard SQL. See
Section 13.1.27, “DROP INDEX Statement”. To determine index names, use
SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_name.

Some storage engines permit you to specify an index type when
creating an index. The syntax for the
index_type specifier is USING type_name. For details about
USING, see Section 13.1.15, “CREATE INDEX Statement”. The
preferred position is after the column list. Expect support for
use of the option before the column list to be removed in a future
MySQL release.

index_option values specify additional
options for an index. USING is one such option.
For details about permissible
index_option values, see
Section 13.1.15, “CREATE INDEX Statement”.

RENAME INDEX old_index_name TO new_index_name renames an
index. This is a MySQL extension to standard SQL. The content of
the table remains unchanged.
old_index_name must be the name of an
existing index in the table that is not dropped by the same
ALTER TABLE statement.
new_index_name is the new index name,
which cannot duplicate the name of an index in the resulting table
after changes have been applied. Neither index name can be
PRIMARY.

If you use ALTER TABLE on a
MyISAM table, all nonunique indexes are created
in a separate batch (as for REPAIR TABLE). This should make ALTER TABLE much faster when you have many indexes.

For MyISAM tables, key updating can be
controlled explicitly. Use ALTER TABLE ... DISABLE KEYS to tell MySQL to stop updating nonunique indexes.
Then use ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE KEYS to
re-create missing indexes. MyISAM does this
with a special algorithm that is much faster than inserting keys
one by one, so disabling keys before performing bulk insert
operations should give a considerable speedup. Using
ALTER TABLE ... DISABLE KEYS requires the
INDEX privilege in addition to the
privileges mentioned earlier.

While the nonunique indexes are disabled, they are ignored for
statements such as SELECT and
EXPLAIN that otherwise would use
them.

After an ALTER TABLE statement, it
may be necessary to run ANALYZE TABLE to update index cardinality information. See
Section 13.7.7.22, “SHOW INDEX Statement”.

The ALTER INDEX operation permits an index to
be made visible or invisible. An invisible index is not used by
the optimizer. Modification of index visibility applies to indexes
other than primary keys (either explicit or implicit). This
feature is storage engine neutral (supported for any engine). For
more information, see Section 8.3.12, “Invisible Indexes”.

Foreign Keys and Other Constraints

The FOREIGN KEY and
REFERENCES clauses are supported by the
InnoDB and NDB storage
engines, which implement ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (...) REFERENCES ... (...). See Section 13.1.20.5, “FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.
For other storage engines, the clauses are parsed but ignored.

For ALTER TABLE, unlike
CREATE TABLE, ADD FOREIGN KEY ignores index_name if
given and uses an automatically generated foreign key name. As a
workaround, include the CONSTRAINT clause to
specify the foreign key name:

ADD CONSTRAINT name FOREIGN KEY (....) ...

Important

MySQL silently ignores inline REFERENCES
specifications, where the references are defined as part of the
column specification. MySQL accepts only
REFERENCES clauses defined as part of a
separate FOREIGN KEY specification.

Note

Partitioned InnoDB tables do not support
foreign keys. This restriction does not apply to
NDB tables, including those explicitly
partitioned by [LINEAR] KEY. For more
information, see
Section 24.6.2, “Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines”.

MySQL Server and NDB Cluster both support the use of
ALTER TABLE to drop foreign keys:

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol;

Adding and dropping a foreign key in the same
ALTER TABLE statement is supported
for ALTER TABLE ... ALGORITHM=INPLACE but not for
ALTER TABLE ... ALGORITHM=COPY.

The server prohibits changes to foreign key columns that have the
potential to cause loss of referential integrity. A workaround is
to use ALTER TABLE ... DROP FOREIGN KEY before changing the column
definition and ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY afterward. Examples of
prohibited changes include:

Changes to the data type of foreign key columns that may be
unsafe. For example, changing
VARCHAR(20) to
VARCHAR(30) is permitted, but
changing it to VARCHAR(1024) is
not because that alters the number of length bytes required to
store individual values.
Changing a NULL column to NOT NULL in non-strict mode is prohibited to prevent
converting NULL values to default
non-NULL values, for which there are no
corresponding values in the referenced table. The operation is
permitted in strict mode, but an error is returned if any such
conversion is required.

ALTER TABLE tbl_name RENAME new_tbl_name changes
internally generated foreign key constraint names and user-defined
foreign key constraint names that begin with the string
“tbl_name_ibfk_” to
reflect the new table name. InnoDB interprets
foreign key constraint names that begin with the string
“tbl_name_ibfk_” as
internally generated names.

Prior to MySQL 8.0.16, ALTER TABLE
permits only the following limited version of
CHECK constraint-adding syntax, which is parsed
and ignored:

ADD CHECK (expr)

As of MySQL 8.0.16, ALTER TABLE
permits CHECK constraints for existing tables
to be added, dropped, or altered:

Add a new CHECK constraint:
```
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    ADD CONSTRAINT [symbol] CHECK (expr) [[NOT] ENFORCED];
```
The meaning of constraint syntax elements is the same as for
CREATE TABLE. See
Section 13.1.20.6, “CHECK Constraints”.
Drop an existing CHECK constraint named
symbol:
```
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    DROP CHECK symbol;
```
Alter whether an existing CHECK constraint
named symbol is enforced:
```
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    ALTER CHECK symbol [NOT] ENFORCED;
```

The DROP CHECK and ALTER CHECK clauses are MySQL extensions to standard SQL.

As of MySQL 8.0.19, ALTER TABLE
permits more general (and SQL standard) syntax for dropping and
altering existing constraints of any type, where the constraint
type is determined from the constraint name:

Drop an existing constraint named
symbol:
```
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    DROP CONSTRAINT symbol;
```
If the
sql_require_primary_key
system variable is enabled, attempting to drop a primary key
produces an error.
Alter whether an existing constraint named
symbol is enforced:
```
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    ALTER CONSTRAINT symbol [NOT] ENFORCED;
```
Only CHECK constraints can be altered to be
unenforced. All other constraint types are always enforced.

The SQL standard specifies that all types of constraints (primary
key, unique index, foreign key, test) belong to the same
namespace. In MySQL, each constraint type has its own namespace
per schema. Consequently, names for each type of constraint must
be unique per schema, but constraints of different types can have
the same name. When multiple constraints have the same name,
DROP CONSTRAINT and ADD CONSTRAINT are ambiguous and an error occurs. In such
cases, constraint-specific syntax must be used to modify the
constraint. For example, use DROP PRIMARY KEY
or DROP FOREIGN KEY to drop a primary key or foreign key.

Changing the Character Set

To change the table default character set and all character
columns (CHAR,
VARCHAR,
TEXT) to a new character set, use a
statement like this:

ALTER TABLE tbl_name CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset_name;

The statement also changes the collation of all character columns.
If you specify no COLLATE clause to indicate
which collation to use, the statement uses default collation for
the character set. If this collation is inappropriate for the
intended table use (for example, if it would change from a
case-sensitive collation to a case-insensitive collation), specify
a collation explicitly.

For a column that has a data type of
VARCHAR or one of the
TEXT types, CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET changes the data type as necessary to
ensure that the new column is long enough to store as many
characters as the original column. For example, a
TEXT column has two length bytes,
which store the byte-length of values in the column, up to a
maximum of 65,535. For a latin1
TEXT column, each character
requires a single byte, so the column can store up to 65,535
characters. If the column is converted to utf8,
each character might require up to three bytes, for a maximum
possible length of 3 × 65,535 = 196,605 bytes. That length
does not fit in a TEXT column’s
length bytes, so MySQL converts the data type to
MEDIUMTEXT, which is the smallest
string type for which the length bytes can record a value of
196,605. Similarly, a VARCHAR
column might be converted to
MEDIUMTEXT.

To avoid data type changes of the type just described, do not use
CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET. Instead, use
MODIFY to change individual columns. For
example:

ALTER TABLE t MODIFY latin1_text_col TEXT CHARACTER SET utf8;
ALTER TABLE t MODIFY latin1_varchar_col VARCHAR(M) CHARACTER SET utf8;

If you specify CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET binary,
the CHAR,
VARCHAR, and
TEXT columns are converted to their
corresponding binary string types
(BINARY,
VARBINARY,
BLOB). This means that the columns
no longer have a character set and a subsequent CONVERT TO operation does not apply to them.

If charset_name is
DEFAULT in a CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET operation, the character set named by the
character_set_database system
variable is used.

Warning

The CONVERT TO operation converts column
values between the original and named character sets. This is
not what you want if you have a column in
one character set (like latin1) but the
stored values actually use some other, incompatible character
set (like utf8). In this case, you have to do
the following for each such column:

ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 BLOB;
ALTER TABLE t1 CHANGE c1 c1 TEXT CHARACTER SET utf8;

The reason this works is that there is no conversion when you
convert to or from BLOB columns.

To change only the default character set for
a table, use this statement:

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DEFAULT CHARACTER SET charset_name;

The word DEFAULT is optional. The default
character set is the character set that is used if you do not
specify the character set for columns that you add to a table
later (for example, with ALTER TABLE ... ADD column).

When the foreign_key_checks
system variable is enabled, which is the default setting,
character set conversion is not permitted on tables that include a
character string column used in a foreign key constraint. The
workaround is to disable
foreign_key_checks before
performing the character set conversion. You must perform the
conversion on both tables involved in the foreign key constraint
before re-enabling
foreign_key_checks. If you
re-enable foreign_key_checks
after converting only one of the tables, an ON DELETE CASCADE or ON UPDATE CASCADE
operation could corrupt data in the referencing table due to
implicit conversion that occurs during these operations (Bug
#45290, Bug #74816).

Importing InnoDB Tables

An InnoDB table created in its own
file-per-table
tablespace can be imported from a backup or from another MySQL
server instance using DISCARD TABLEPACE and
IMPORT TABLESPACE clauses. See
Section 15.6.1.3, “Importing InnoDB Tables”.

Row Order for MyISAM Tables

ORDER BY enables you to create the new table
with the rows in a specific order. This option is useful primarily
when you know that you query the rows in a certain order most of
the time. By using this option after major changes to the table,
you might be able to get higher performance. In some cases, it
might make sorting easier for MySQL if the table is in order by
the column that you want to order it by later.

Note

The table does not remain in the specified order after inserts
and deletes.

ORDER BY syntax permits one or more column
names to be specified for sorting, each of which optionally can be
followed by ASC or DESC to
indicate ascending or descending sort order, respectively. The
default is ascending order. Only column names are permitted as
sort criteria; arbitrary expressions are not permitted. This
clause should be given last after any other clauses.

ORDER BY does not make sense for
InnoDB tables because InnoDB
always orders table rows according to the
clustered index.

When used on a partitioned table, ALTER TABLE ... ORDER BY orders rows within each partition only.

Partitioning Options

partition_options signifies options
that can be used with partitioned tables for repartitioning, to
add, drop, discard, import, merge, and split partitions, and to
perform partitioning maintenance.

It is possible for an ALTER TABLE
statement to contain a PARTITION BY or
REMOVE PARTITIONING clause in an addition to
other alter specifications, but the PARTITION BY or REMOVE PARTITIONING clause must
be specified last after any other specifications. The ADD PARTITION, DROP PARTITION,
DISCARD PARTITION, IMPORT PARTITION, COALESCE PARTITION,
REORGANIZE PARTITION, EXCHANGE PARTITION, ANALYZE PARTITION,
CHECK PARTITION, and REPAIR PARTITION options cannot be combined with other alter
specifications in a single ALTER TABLE, since
the options just listed act on individual partitions.

For more information about partition options, see
Section 13.1.20, “CREATE TABLE Statement”, and
Section 13.1.9.1, “ALTER TABLE Partition Operations”. For
information about and examples of ALTER TABLE ... EXCHANGE PARTITION statements, see
Section 24.3.3, “Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables”.

MySQL :: MySQL 8.0 Reference Manual :: 13.1.9 ALTER TABLE Statement

ByDarlene Morgan

13.1.9 ALTER TABLE Statement

Table Options

Performance and Space Requirements

Concurrency Control

Adding and Dropping Columns

Renaming, Redefining, and Reordering Columns

Primary Keys and Indexes

Foreign Keys and Other Constraints

Changing the Character Set

Importing InnoDB Tables

Row Order for MyISAM Tables

Partitioning Options

By Darlene Morgan

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